El resultado final puede ser: Positivo: si los flujos de entrada de dinero son superiores a los de salida hablamos de superávit. Negativo: en caso contrario, sale más dinero del que entra, hablamos de déficit...
Producers who detect signs of grass tetany in their stock, or notice any other unusual signs, should contact their private veterinarian or local DPIRD veterinary officer. If a veterinarian autopsies cattle between 30 months and nine years old showing neurological signs (such as grass tetany signs), the producer may be entitled to claim a payment from DPIRD as part of the National Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Surveillance Program (NTSESP). Incentive payments are also available for private veterinarians under the NTSESP. More information is available at the National Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Surveillance Program webpage. These payments encourage reporting of neurological signs so that Australia can show it has tested sufficient animals with negative results to prove we are free of diseases such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Australia needs this proof of freedom to maintain export markets. More information DPIRD Field Veterinary Officers can provide more information about grass tetany in cattle.
These products are available from your veterinarian, feed supplier or rural supplies company. Prevention and control Management should aim to: eliminate factors which reduce magnesium absorption and provide a magnesium supplement. Immediate actions: Increase energy and roughage intake. Good quality hay and silage are suitable Pellets or grain can be added if introduced carefully and cattle are accustomed to these Provide salt if a natural source is not available Move lactating cows (especially older animals) to high legume and high dry matter pastures Provide shelter Reduce stress factors (yarding, transport) Provide magnesium supplements (see below). Long-term actions: Correct soil acidity with lime or dolomite (dolomite contains some magnesium) Plant clovers Apply phosphate fertiliser Limit potash and nitrogen applications until soil acidity is corrected and clovers are established Plant tree lines for shelter Keep good records to inform future management. For problem paddocks, consider pasture leaf analysis for magnesium and potassium.
One of the interests in [the] project is the production of biomass using marginal lands. But in that case, the actual yields may be lower. " Brosse adds: "it is a good idea to produce biomass using marginal lands, but the actual yields per hectare must be examined with caution. " Also caution is needed when developing marginal areas to take into account possible effects on wetlands and wild areas. The project results are likely to bring several alternative solutions. "I don't think any particular crop will dominate in all locations because different crops are best suited to different locations. I like to say that all biomass is local, " comments Bruce Dale, an expert in biofuel crops at Michigan State University in Lansing, Michigan, USA, and the editor-in-chief of the publication Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining. "I think we will first use crop residues, because they are likely to be the least expensive, and then we will go from there into energy crops like Miscanthus. " "In terms of a theoretical "ideal" cellulosic biomass crop it would be a low cost, easily-converted, productive perennial that did not require much fertiliser, " he tells CommNet, concluding: "Miscanthus scores pretty well in that regard.
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Once commercially viable, these could significantly expand the volume and variety of sources that could be used for biofuel production. Potential cellulosic sources include municipal waste and waste products from agriculture, forestry, processing industry as well as new energy crops such as fast growing trees and grasses. As a result second generation biofuel production could present major advantages in terms of environmental sustainability and reduced competition for land with food and feed production. It could also offer advantages in terms of greenhouse gas emissions. Various techniques are currently being developed to produce second generation biofuels. However, it is uncertain when such technologies will enter production on a significant commercial scale. The conversion of cellulose to ethanol involves two steps. The cellulosic and hemicellulosic components of the plant material are first broken down into sugars, which are then fermented to obtain ethanol. The first step is technically difficult, although research continues on developing efficient and cost-effective ways of carrying out the process.
Consult your veterinarian for further advice. Other options for magnesium supplementation Treat hay rolls with magnesium sulphate: Lactating cows need at least two grams of magnesium per kilogram of dry matter. Add 3g magnesium sulphate per kilogram of hay to help make up any shortfall (a 350kg hay roll needs 1kg of magnesium sulphate added). Add molasses to improve palatability. Dissolve 1kg of molasses with 1kg of magnesium sulphate in 20 litres of hot water. Soak this into the hay roll before feeding, or spray onto hay after it is rolled out. Apply dry magnesium oxide to pasture at up to 30kg/ha every three weeks during risk periods (of all supplements, magnesium oxide has the highest magnesium content). Spray pasture with magnesium sulphate fortnightly (2% magnesium sulphate in 1000L per hectare = 20kg/h). Use higher rates of magnesium if needed. Observe label directions where provided. Diseases similar to grass tetany Accurate diagnosis of grass tetany by a veterinarian is important because a number of significant diseases have similar signs.